Quantum Dynamics Modules

Introduction

../_images/AltLogo.png

This is a collection of the modules that have been created by the E-CAM community within the area of Quantum Dynamics. This documentation is created using ReStructured Text and the git repository for the documentation. Source files can be found at https://gitlab.e-cam2020.eu/e-cam/E-CAM-Library which are open to contributions from E-CAM members.

In the context of E-CAM, the definition of a software module is any piece of software that could be of use to the E-CAM community and that encapsulates some additional functionality, enhanced performance or improved usability for people performing computational simulations in the domain areas of interest to the project.

This definition is deliberately broader than the traditional concept of a module as defined in the semantics of most high-level programming languages and is intended to capture internal workflow scripts, analysis tools and test suites as well as traditional subroutines and functions. Because such E-CAM modules will form a heterogeneous collection we prefer to refer to this as an E-CAM software repository rather than a library (since the word library carries a particular meaning in the programming world). The modules do however share with the traditional computer science definition the concept of hiding the internal workings of a module behind simple and well-defined interfaces. It is probable that in many cases the modules will result from the abstraction and refactoring of useful ideas from existing codes rather than being written entirely de novo.

Perhaps more important than exactly what a module is, is how it is written and used. A final E-CAM module adheres to current best-practice programming style conventions, is well documented and comes with either regression or unit tests (and any necessary associated data). E-CAM modules should be written in such a way that they can potentially take advantage of anticipated hardware developments in the near future (this is one of the training objectives of E-CAM).

Objectives of E-CAM WP3 Quantum Dynamics

Software development in quantum dynamics has so far been less systematic than in other fields of modelling, such as classical molecular dynamics or electronic structure. Although some packages have been developed to implement specific methods, e.g. Quantics for wave packet dynamics, or subroutines added to electronic structure packages, e.g. Surface Hopping and Ehrenfest in CPMD, these efforts are not the standard.

One of the goals of E-CAM’s WP3 is then to provide an environment to stimulate the transition from in-house codes, often developed and used by single groups, to the development of modular, well documented community-based software packages capable of multiple functionalities and adopting a common set of standards and benchmarks.

To foster this development, we have initiated five parallel activities:

  • Creating software for benchmarking and testing based on exact integration schemes for low dimensional systems and standard potentials.
  • Creating an environment to transform in-house software to modules that adhere to the E-CAM best practices.
  • Disseminating this initiative to attract coding efforts from leading groups in the field to the E-CAM repository.
  • Interact with industrial partners to enrich our repository with software targeted at their needs.
  • Training young code developers.

Pilot Projects

One of primary activity of E-CAM is to engage with pilot projects with industrial partners. These projects are conceived together with the partner and typically are to facilitate or improve the scope of computational simulation within the partner. The related code development for the pilot projects are open source (where the licence of the underlying software allows this) and are described in the modules associated with the pilot projects.

The pilot project of the WP3 in collaboration with IBM is related to quantum computing and improvements of the quantum computer technology. One of our main topic was development of software for construction of control pulses necessary for operating quantum logical gates between qubits in a universal quantum computer using the Local Control Theory. [Curc] More information can be found on the pilot project web site. Below are listed the pilot project modules created so far:

LocConQubit is a code for the construction of controlled pulses on isolated qubit systems using the Local Control Theory.

OpenQubit is an extension to the LocConQubit code for the construction of controlled pulses in a more realistic environment with dissipating effects.

Extended Software Development Workshops

ESDW Maison de la Simulation (Paris 2016)

The first Quantum Dynamics ESDW was held in June-July 2016 at the Maison de la Simulation near Paris. 10 students and 6 tutors, including Dr. Ivano Tavernelli representing the industrial partner of the WP3, IBM, worked to develop software modules in the following areas:

  • Exact quantum propagation methods for low dimensional systems to be used to provide benchmarks for approximate schemes
  • Development of a library of single and multi surface potentials for benchmark systems
  • Calculation of approximate quantum time correlation functions

Work was performed by teams of 2-4 students, assisted by the senior participants and by E-CAM’s Software Manager, Dr. Alan O’Cais, and the Software Developer associated to WP3, Dr. Liang Liang.

In addition to the software development activities, the Workshop enjoyed lively scientific discussions centered on presentations made by the students and the senior participants. The on-line E-CAM tools for software development, including the Git repository, and tools for the documentation (Doxygen) and performance analysis were presented by E-CAM staff members and participants were instructed on their use via tutorials. The program was further enriched by the interactions with experts on software and hardware development working at Maison de la Simulation who gave talks on topics such as architectures and programming paradigms and the use of advanced visualization tools such as the Image wall hosted by the Maison de la Simulation.

ESDW University College Dublin (2017)

The second Quantum Dynamics ESDW was held in July 2017 (first part) and March 2018 (wrap up meeting) at University College Dublin. 21 participants, including the representative of WP3’s current industrial partner IBM, worked to develop and upload on the E-CAM repositories software modules in the following areas:

  • Calculation of approximate quantum time correlation functions via the PaPIM code;
  • Mixed quantum-classical algorithms, with specific reference to Surface Hopping and Wigner-Liouville methods;
  • Implementation of the factorization scheme for quantum dynamics in CPMD;
  • Interfacing of quantum codes with electronic structure codes;
  • Grid based exact propagation schemes;
  • Design and optimization of qubit control pulses.

Teams of coders assisted by senior tutors, E-CAM’s Software Manager, Dr. Alan O’Cais, and WP3 Software Developer, Dr. Liang Liang, performed the work. Specific discussions on optimal parallelization strategies for the E-CAM’s quantum dynamical codes (PaPIM and Quantics) were also initiated and implemented. The coding work was accompanied by scientific presentations on the themes of the workshops and by the instruction from E-CAM personnel on the CoE’s tools for software production, testing, documentation and maintaining. The participants benefitted also from the proximity of software and hardware experts from the ICHEC supercomputing center that offered, in particular, a set of lectures and tutorials on OpenMP parallelization.

Modules developed in this workshop not included in other subheadings are:

ESDW Durham University (Durham 2019)

This modules have been developed at Durham ESDW

List of available Modules

Below are listed all the modules from the E-CAM ESDWs in Quantum Dynamic developed up-to-date:

The CTMQC module allows to simulate excited-state dynamics in model systems of one to three spatial (nuclear) dimensions, with an arbitrary number of electronic states. The algorithm is based on the quantum-classical approximation of the equations of motion derived in the framework of the exact factorization of the electron-nuclear wavefunction. In practice, trajectories are used to mimic the nuclear evolution, that is, in turn, coupled to the quantum evolution of the electronic degrees of freedom.

The SinglePath module uses combined quantum and classical descriptions of the dynamics to compute quantum rate processes in condensed phase systems. The main purpose of this module is to act as the core of additional software modules aimed at addressing important issues such as improving the speed of convergence of estimates using correlated sampling, and much more realistic treatment of the classical bath, and connecting to other problems such as constant pH simulation through an effective Hamiltonian.

The G-CTMQC module extends the previous CTMQC module, introducing new methodological and technical features. G-CTMQC is interfaced with the QuantumModelLib library of potentials, which gives more flexibility in the choice of systems that can be studied. The present implementation allows to perform surface hopping calculations, also with inclusion of energy decoherence corrections, and Ehrenfest dynamics, as well as CT-MQC calculations. Finally, spin-orbit coupling is included in CT-MQC (G-CT-MQC algorithm).

The PhysConst enables the use of physical constants and the correct isotopic masses.

The QuantumModelLib use potential energy surfaces extracted from the literature and can be linked to quantum dynamics codes.

The FBTS_MPI_ module implements the Forward-Backward Trajectory Solution (FBTS) to the quantum-classical Liouville equation developed by Hsieh and Kapral.

PaPIM

PaPIM is a code for calculation of equilibrated system properties (observables). Some properties can be directly obtained from the distribution function of the system, while properties that depends on the exact dynamics of the system, such as the structure factor, [Mon2] infrared spectrum [Beu] or reaction rates, can be obtained from the evolution of appropriate time correlation functions. PaPIM samples either the quantum (Wigner) or classical (Boltzmann) density functions and computes approximate quantum and classical correlation functions.

The code is highly parallelized and suitable for use on large HPC machines. The code’s modular structure enables an easy update/change of any of its modules. Furthermore the coded functionalities can be used independently of each other. The code is specifically design with simplicity and readability in mind to enable any user to easily implement its own functionalities. The code has been extensively used for the calculation of the infrared spectrum of the \text{CH}_{5}^{+} cation in gas phase, while recently new calculations on the water dimer, and protonated water dimer systems were started.

PaPIM is the current version of the code, including all available functionalities.

The following modules make up the PaPIM code and can be used as stand-alone software libraries for e.g. sampling of the Wigner distribution, sampling of the classical Boltzmann distribution, or building MPI parallelized Fortran codes. Such libraries are rarely available to the community in a Fortran program format. Some of the functionalities within the code are specifically designed for computation of infrared spectra, and serve as a template for the user to implement its own functionalities.

PIM_wd samples, via the Phase Integration Method, [Mon1] the system’s quantum Wigner density function. The function is given in the phase-space representation and is the basis for any further calculation of system’s quantum observables.

PIM_qcf is a library of quantum correlation functions for computing system’s time-dependent properties.

PIM_qtb implements different methods based on Langevin dynamics. The trajectories generated can be exploited directly or used to sample initial conditions for Linearized Semi-Classical Initial Value Representation (LSC-IVR) calculations. The methods implemented are: classical Langevin dynamics, Quantum Thermal Bath (QTB) and two variants of adaptive QTB (adQTB-r and adQTB-f).

ClassMC samples, via Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm, the system’s classical Boltzmann distribution function and calculates the classical time-dependent correlation functions from the sampled phase space. Results obtained from classical sampling can be used to assess the relevance of quantum effects for a given system.

PotMod is a library of potential energy functions and interfaces for external potential energy calculation codes. Currently available in the library are the harmonic and Morse potentials (different molecular systems can be simulated depending on parameters provided by the user); empirical potential of the ground state of \text{CH}_{5}^{+} based on high level electronic structure calculations [ZJin]; and the call to the ab initio CP2K code using the PaPIM-CP2K_Interface module.

PaPIM-CP2K_Interface module links the PaPIM code with the CP2K program package as an internal library for calculation of system’s electronic structure properties.

AuxMod is a library of subroutines which enables any user to easily construct its own Fortran input parser. It also contains a library of adapted MPI subroutines for easier programming of Fortran MPI parallel codes.

Openmpbeads is a patch to the PaPIM code which enables parallelization of the sampling of the polymer chains within the PIM algorithm, improving efficiency in sampling of the Wigner density.

PerGauss is an implementation of periodic boundary conditions for gaussian basis functions to be used within the quantics program package.

Quantics

Quantics is suite of programs for molecular quantum dynamics simulations. The package is able to set up and propagate a wavepacket using the MCTDH method [Beck]. Numerically exact propagation is also possible for small systems using a variety of standard integration schemes [Lefo], as is the solution of the time-independent Schrödinger equation using Lanczos diagonalisation. The program can also be used to generate a ground state wavefunction using energy relaxation (i.e. propagation in imaginary time) and with the “improved relaxation” it is even possible to generate (low lying) excited states. Within the Quantics package there are also programs to propagate density operators (by solving the Liouville-von Neumann equation for open or closed system) [Mey], a program for fitting complicated multi-dimensional potential energy function, programs for determining bound or resonance energies by filter-diagonalisation, parameters of a vibronic coupling Hamiltonian, and many more. Recent developments include the use of Gaussian wavepacket based methods (G-MCTDH) and interfaces to quantum chemistry programs such as Gaussian and Molpro allow direct dynamics calculations using the vMCG method [Ric]. The following modules are extension of Quantics functionalities developed at E-CAM Extended Software Development Workshops.

The SodLib module provides exact wavefunction propagation using the second-order differencing (SOD) integrator scheme to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. This routine has been implemented and tested as an added functionality within the Quantics quantum dynamics package.

The ChebLib module implements the Chebyshev integration scheme for exact wavefunction propagation on the grid. This routine has been implemented and tested as an added functionality within the Quantics quantum dynamics package.

The Quantics-QChem-Interface is an interface between Quantics and QChem. The DFT algorithm implemented in QChem can be used to provide electronic structure information for direct dynamics simulations using the Quantics program package.

The Zagreb_sh module is an interface between between Quantics package and the Tully’s surface hoping code provided by the group of Nadja Doslic in Zagreb.

The Quantics_openmp module is an initial effort at OpenMP parallelisation improvements to Quantics.

The Quantics_DD_MPIOMP module is a further improvement on the parallel version of DD-vMCG in Quantics by adding an extra layer of MPI parallelization to the existing OpenMP parallelization.

The SHARC-gym module uses the surface hopping code SHARC and enables the use of a more accurate set of quantum methods implemented in QUANTICS.

CLstunfti

CLstunfti is an extendable Python toolbox to compute scattering of electrons with a given kinetic energy in liquids and amorphous solids. It uses a continuum trajectory model with differential ionization and scattering cross sections as input to simulate the motion of the electrons through the medium.

The module CLstunfti makes CLstunfti available to the world by providing a documentation of the toolbox and inline documentations of the source code, as well as a set of examples that can also be used for testing.

The Spin orbit coupling smoothing module is to smooth spin orbit couplings along internuclear distance.

The Direct Dynamics Database The Direct Dynamics Database module is an improved, more efficient version of the database used to provide the potential energy surfaces in the Direct Dynamics variational multi-configuration Gaussian wavepacket (DD-vMCG) method [Wor1] which is included in the powerful and flexible Quantics package program [Wor2].

ElVibRot

ElVibRot is a package for general quantum dynamics simulation using curvilinear coordinates. The code has no built-in limitation in terms of the number of degrees of freedom. It applied a numerical but exact kinetic energy operator with Tnum (Automatic differentiation), which enables much flexibility in the choice of the curvilinear coordinates [Tnum]. Moreover, the Smolyak algorithm [Smo] is employed to avoid the conventional direct-product basis sets and grids, which allows the simulation of larger systems. Typically, the package could be used for

  1. Vibrational levels, intensities for floppy molecular systems;
  2. Wave-packet propagation with or without time dependent Hamiltonian;
  3. Quantum gate and optimal control;
  4. Optimization with the given set of curvilinear coordinates.

The ElVibRot-TID-MPI (ElVibRot Time-independent MPI) module is a parallelized time-independent quantum simulation program. The Davidson algorithm is the main method employed for getting the Eigen levels of the Hamiltonian.

The ElVibRot-TD-MPI (ElVibRot Time-dependent MPI) module is a parallelized time-dependent quantum simulation program. The available propagation methods include Chebyshev, Runge-Kunta, short iterative Lanczos and Taylor expansion, etc.

References

[Curc]B. F. E. Curchod, T. J. Penfold, U. Rothlisberger, I. Tavernelli Phys. Rev. A 84 (2012) 042507 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.84.042507
[Mon1]M. Monteferrante, S. Bonella, G. Ciccotti Mol. Phys. 109 (2011) 3015 DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2011.619506
[Mon2]M. Monteferrante, S. Bonella, G. Ciccotti J. Chem. Phys. 138 (2013) 054118 DOI: 10.1063/1.4789760
[Beu]J. Beutier, M. Monteferrante, S. Bonella, R. Vuilleumier, G. Ciccotti Mol. Sim. 40 (2014) 196 DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2013.843776
[ZJin]Z. Jin, B. Braams, J. Bowman J. Phys. Chem. A 110 (2006) 1569 DOI: 10.1021/jp053848o
[Beck]M. Beck, A. Jäckle, G.A. Worth, and H.-D. Meyer Phys. Rep. 324 (2000) 1–106 DOI: 10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00047-2
[Lefo]C. Leforestier, R. H. Bisseling, C. Cerjan, M. D. Feit, R. Friesner, A. Guldberg, A. Hammerich, G. Jolicard, W. Karrlein, H.-D. Meyer, N. Lipkin, O. Roncero, R. Kosloff J. Comp. Phys. 94 (1991) 59 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9991(91)90137-A
[Mey]H.-D. Meyer, G. A. Worth Theor. Chem. Acc. 109 (2003) 251 DOI: 10.1007/s00214-003-0439-1
[Ric]G. W. Richings, I. Polyak, K. E. Spinlove, G. A. Worth, I. Burghardt, B. Lasorne Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 34 (2015) 269 DOI: 10.1080/0144235X.2015.1051354
[Wor1]G. A. Worth, M. A. Robb, B. L. Lasorne Mol. Phys. 106 (2008) 2077–2091 DOI: 10.1080/00268970802172503
[Wor2]G. A. Worth, K. Giri, G. W. Richings, M. H. Beck, A. Jäckle, H.-D. Meyer Quantics package, version 1.1, (2015)
[Tnum]
  1. Lauvergnat, A. Nauts, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12 (2010) 8405-8412 DOI: 10.1039/C001944E
[Smo]
    1. Smolyak, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 148 (1963) 1042–1045 http://mi.mathnet.ru/eng/dan27586